This is the problem something mysterious is killing honey bees, and even as billions are
dropping dead across North America, researchers are scrambling to find
answers and save one of the most important crop pollinators on Earth. Now, in a mystery worthy of Agatha Christie, bees are flying off in
search of pollen and nectar and simply never returning to their
colonies. And nobody knows why. Researchers say the bees are presumably
dying in the fields, perhaps becoming exhausted or simply disoriented
and eventually falling victim to the cold.
Threats to bumblebees fly under radar
By JEFF BARNARD, Associated Press Writer Mon Oct 8, 4:15 PM ET
GRANTS
PASS, Ore. - Looking high and low, Robbin Thorp can no longer find a
species of bumblebee that just five years ago was plentiful in
northwestern California and southwestern Oregon.
Thorp, an
emeritus professor of entomology from the University of California at
Davis, found one solitary worker last year along a remote mountain
trail in the Siskiyou Mountains, but hasn't been able to locate any
this year.
He fears that the species — Franklin's bumblebee —
has gone extinct before anyone could even propose it for the endangered
species list. To make matters worse, two other bumblebee species — one
on the East coast, one on the West — have gone from common to rare.
...."We
have been naive," said Neal Williams, assistant professor of biology at
Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. "We haven't been diligent the way we
need to be."
....A huge problem facing scientists is how
"appallingly little we know about our pollinating resources," said
University of Illinois entomology Prof. May Berenbaum, who headed the
National Academy of Sciences report.
Scott Black, executive
director of the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation in
Portland, worries that on top of pesticides and narrowing habitats,
disease could be the last straw for many of the bee species.
"It definitely could all come crashing down," he said.
Here is another theory or thoughts on the subject.
First and most important: There are some 20,000 species of bees in the world,
and many thousands more types of pollinating insects. What you're hearing about,
"colony collapse disorder," affects one species of bee
– the European honey bee. That species
happens to be the one global agriculture relies upon for about 30% of its
pollination requirements. So while we're not talking about losing all the
world's pollinators, we are talking about losing a significant fraction
of them. That's the worst-case scenario, with the species wiped out completely.
Second, there's no reason at this point to think European honey bees are going
to be wiped out, now or ever. The die-offs so far appear to affect some
beekeepers more than others, sometimes in the same area. That's one reason
scientists are so puzzled, but it strongly suggests the losses may have
something to do with how individual beekeepers are managing their bees. The
"significant percentage" of failing hives is still a drop in the bucket when
viewed against the global population of honey bees, and there are lots of
beekeepers (even in the U.S., which appears hardest hit) who have not had, and
may never have, significant losses of colonies. Plenty of honey bees remain to
replace the ones that have died. It's not yet time to scream that the sky is
falling.
Third, it's almost impossible to get hard numbers on how many colonies have died
recently, and how much of the current uproar is media hype based on guesses,
estimates and anecdotal accounts from the handful of beekeepers who have had the
most colony losses. If you talk to other beekeepers, most admit they have
colonies die off every winter, but they don't always keep records on how many. A
lot of the reports we're hearing are based on personal recollection rather than
careful documentation. In other words, the scary figures you're hearing could be
exaggerated.
Fourth, even the original report describing and naming the phenomenon explicitly
says it's something that has been seen before (repeatedly), named before, and
studied before – in all cases without coming
to any conclusion about the cause. The researchers didn't like the older names
for the syndrome (which usually included the word "disease," which has
connotations about infectiousness that don't seem applicable here), so they
renamed it colony collapse disorder. That point has largely eluded the press,
with the result that most people think this is a new phenomenon, when in fact
the researchers who described it note reports of similar die-offs dating back to
the 1890s.
Fifth, if what we're seeing is indeed a recurrence of a century-old phenomenon,
that's a pretty good argument against theories of causation involving things
that haven't been around that long. Yes, it's an assumption that current and
past die-offs have a common underlying cause. Some researchers don't accept that
assumption – they're the ones proposing
things like pesticides as possible causes, and they may yet prove to be correct,
since some modern pesticides can indeed kill honey bee colonies in a manner
consistent with the present symptoms. But the leading hypothesis in many
researcher's minds is that colonies are dying primarily because of stress.
Stress means something different to a honey bee colony than to a human, but the
basic idea isn't all that alien: If a colony is infected with a fungus, or has
mites, or has pesticides in its honey, or is overheated, or is undernourished,
or is losing workers due to spraying, or any other such thing, then the colony
is experiencing stress. Stress in turn can cause behavioral changes that
exacerbate the problem and lead to worse ones like immune system failure. Colony
stress has existed, in various forms and with various causes, as long as mankind
has kept honey bees, so it could indeed have happened in the 1890s. Many modern
developments like pesticides or mite infestations can also cause stress (in
fact, many of the things theorized to be involved can cause stress, so it's
possible multiple factors are contributing to the problem, not just one).
Unfortunately, stress is difficult to quantify and control experimentally, so it
may never be possible to prove scientifically that colony stress explains all
this year's deaths.
Sixth, it's never a good idea to trust what the media are telling you. At
least once in the present case the media got something completely wrong and
created a huge mess: The story about cell phones was basically a
misrepresentation of what one pair of reporters wrote about a study that they
misinterpreted. In a nutshell, the original research didn't involve cell phones,
and the researchers never said their research was related to honey bee colony
die-offs. Even details like the alleged Einstein quote are dubious. No one has
yet found proof that Einstein said anything about bees dying off
– the earliest documented appearance of the
"quote" is 1994 and, yes, Albert was dead at the time.
The bottom line? No one is certain what's going on, but a lot of the theories
can't – by themselves
– explain everything we're seeing. More
important, the situation hasn't yet risen to the level of a catastrophe (except,
sadly, for some of the affected beekeepers). If the same thing keeps happening
every winter for another decade or so, then we might really start worrying. But
for now, classifying this as a "problem with potentially severe economic impact
should it persist" would be a more realistic assessment.
But we are not out of the woods. This from Europe.
Rome, August 6 - Italian
bees are been killed off by the millions and environmentalists
and honey producers warned today this was a sign of a worrisome
turn for the environment.
The National Beekeepers' Association UNAAPI said the country was
witnessing a silent "slaughter of bees" and that Italian
honey production would plummet by at least 50% this year.
"Bees are our 'sentinels of the environment', very much like
butterflies and fireflies. Unlike ants, termites or coachroaches
they are extremely delicate and will not adapt to a negative environment,"
UNAAPI Chairman Francesco Panella told ANSA.
"A bee does not survive contact with toxic substances and
dies before it even reaches the hive. Pure honey, in fact, is
nature's real wonder product," said Panella, distressed that
the shocking mortality rate has not yet shaken the authorities
and the public out of their complacency.
He claims the situation in Italy is far worse than in neighbouring
France where in June environmentalists and the influential daily
Le Monde drummed up a campaign highlighting the plight of French
bees, claiming they were being felled by a new high-tech pesticide
being marketed by a major multinational.
Panella said ANAAPI was still collecting data but that in Italy
the situation was compounded by the severe drought which has struck
southern regions in particular.
"We are facing an ecological and economic disaster,"
he said.
He termed the new generation of pesticides "violent and virulent"
because they are longer-lasting, encompassing treatment from seed
through growth.
Bees have been especially hard hit in northern Italy where
vinegrowers have used deadlier pesticides to combat a new virus
which destroys grape vines.
Reports are coming in from Europe and the Middle-East: Bees are disappearing! In some areas over 40% of the hives are empty.
This might be the answer.
UPDATE: July 21,2007
SPAIN: July 19, 2007
MADRID - A parasite common in Asian bees has spread to
Europe and the Americas and is behind the mass
disappearance of honeybees in many countries, says a
Spanish scientist who has been studying the phenomenon
for years.
The culprit is a microscopic parasite called nosema
ceranae said Mariano Higes, who leads a team of
researchers at a government-funded apiculture centre
in Guadalajara, the province east of Madrid that is
the heartland of Spain's honey industry.
He and his colleagues have analysed thousands of
samples from stricken hives in many countries.
"We started in 2000 with the hypothesis that it was
pesticides, but soon ruled it out," he told Reuters in
an interview on Wednesday.
Pesticide traces were present only in a tiny
proportion of samples and bee colonies were also dying
in areas many miles from cultivated land, he said.
They then ruled out the varroa mite, which is easy to
see and which was not present in most of the affected
hives.
For a long time Higes and his colleagues thought a
parasite called nosema apis, common in wet weather,
was killing the bees.
"We saw the spores, but the symptoms were very
different and it was happening in dry weather too."
Then he decided to sequence the parasite's DNA and
discovered it was an Asian variant, nosema ceranae.
Asian honeybees are less vulnerable to it, but it can
kill European bees in a matter of days in laboratory
conditions.
"Nosema ceranae is far more dangerous and lives in
heat and cold. A hive can become infected in two
months and the whole colony can collapse in six to 18
months," said Higes, whose team has published a number
of papers on the subject.
"We've no doubt at all it's nosema ceranae and we
think 50 percent of Spanish hives are infected," he
said.
Spain, with 2.3 million hives, is home to a quarter of
the European Union's bees.
His team have also identified this parasite in bees
from Austria, Slovenia and other parts of Eastern
Europe and assume it has invaded from Asia over a
number of years.
Now it seems to have crossed the Atlantic and is
present in Canada and Argentina, he said. The Spanish
researchers have not tested samples from the United
States, where bees have also gone missing.
Treatment for nosema ceranae is effective and cheap --
1 euro (US$1.4) a hive twice a year -- but beekeepers
first have to be convinced the parasite is the
problem.
Recent Comments